The Impacts Of The Habitat Of Poverty By Diana George

In the article in the textbook (Changing the Face of poverty) by Diana George represents the children who are going through poverty by showing an image of a little girl. Who is used to present the world on how poverty can really traumatize the people who are living through it, so the viewers can consume a better understanding for those who have never witness the terrible outcome of what poverty can do to men, women, and children. Also, mentions an organization called Habitat of Humanity who she highly appreciates for helping the poverty in incredible ways. In the research article (Helping People Escape Poverty) by Jane Jennings explains the stats and income on how the United States is handling poverty. Also, focuses on the main impacts on†¦show more content†¦These conditions can lead the people to diseases and even death. In the article (Helping People Escape Poverty) the article provides a solution that the needy becomes less needy. Also, begins conducting on why American people should start depending on dedicating and emotionally involving volunteers rather than bureaucrats or career-builders to implement and administer the process. How have other organizations like Habit for Humanity covey the message of seriousness of the struggle of poverty. For example, in the article (Changing the Faces of Poverty) it explains what represents the courses to raise funds and volunteer to support for their efforts addressing to produce all sorts of publicity. That publicity shows what the problem is and helps figure out how the American people can help. Similar groups or organizations like Habitat gives visual representation of poverty in American. In the article (Helping People Escape Poverty) mentions other volunteer aid groups that form around one or more church groups. Aid extended within a more personalized a spiritual component in the assistance of a process to enhance the commitment of allShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Chop Shop1366 Words   |  6 PagesChop Shop also gives viewers the impression that Ale and Izzy will be able to escape from poverty soon with just a little hard work. After Ale confronts Izzy at night while she is working as a prostitute, she runs home upset and sleeps in the bathroom. The next morning, they awaken and meet outside the garage in the morning sunlight. Ale, smiling, begins feeding pigeons. Once there’s a large crowd, Izzy stands up and smiles and goes â€Å"HEY† and they all fly away (Bahrani). The contrast between theRead MoreImproving Profitability By Applying Sustainable Strategies9898 Words   |  40 Pagesrealizing the massive negative impact that businesses have on the environment and they are trying to implement different strategies to transform their business in a more sustainable one in hopes of lessening that impact. Hotel owners, employees and guests started to be more aware for the environment by expressing their concern. Both parties are playing a huge role in making the hospita lity industry more sustainable. When people started to be interest in the impact the business has on the environmentRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesComponents of Attitudes? 70 †¢ Does Behavior Always Follow from Attitudes? 71 †¢ What Are the Major Job Attitudes? 73 Job Satisfaction 78 Measuring Job Satisfaction 79 †¢ How Satisfied Are People in Their Jobs? 80 †¢ What Causes Job Satisfaction? 81 †¢ The Impact of Satisfied and Dissatisfied Employees on the Workplace 82 Summary and Implications for Managers 88 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Satisfied Am I with My Job? 70 CONTENTS ix S A L An Ethical Choice Do Employers Owe Workers

Economics Is The Science Of Scarcity - 1728 Words

Economics is the science of scarcity. Scarcity is when you have a population with unlimited wants coupled with limited resources. Essentially, economics deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The societies in the books 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 both take advantage of some form of an economic system, whether it be the command economy of Oceania, or the overly consumerist economy of the dystopian United States. An economic system is how a society deals with these factors. The three main questions that an economic system is supposed to answer are: What will we produce? How will we produce it? Who gets it? Answer these questions and you have an economic system (Hettige). This report will cover the two main economic systems, capitalism and socialism. Capitalism Capitalism promotes private ownership of the means of production, or resources, to produce goods and services for profit. In other terms, private entities purchase resources; be it labor, natural resources, or factories, to create goods to sell for profit. Capitalism promotes that people build up their own wealth and all or most available resources be privately owned. Production in capitalism is controlled by supply and demand (Bump). Mercantile capitalism, also known as traditional capitalism, has a lack of industrialization and large scale financial backing. Traditional capitalism emphasizes small businesses, craftsmen, and merchants. This form of capitalism came about during theShow MoreRelatedEconomics : Absolute Scarcity And Relative Scarcity877 Words   |  4 PagesEconomics is the study of how humans make decisions in the face of scarcity (OpenStax College, p. 14). Scarcity in economic terms is the inability to satisfy the unlimited wants of individuals. Does the fact that we have unlimited wants as humans necessitate that there is a scarcity of goods and resources? 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Religious Practice and Economic Activity †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Religious Practice and Economic Activity. Answer: Introduction: The economy is driven by organizations which seek to produce a product or provide a service as required by the users. Organizations cant exist in isolation hence they must interact with other institutions to access raw materials or supplies which they make into a product and send it out as a finished sample. Each organization is a social entity which comes up with goals and operates on deliberate structures with identifiable boundaries. They seek to respond to and create value to satisfy the human needs in terms of knowledge, values and vision. It is a human creation whose operation and yields are obtained from the ways we govern them and of the social, institutional and political structures within which they operate. To run well, an organization needs to come up with a strategic plan. This plan is useful in governing the operations of a company over a long period of time for instance for about five years before it is reviewed. In that given period, a number of targets are set and th ey need to be met for the growth of the company. Organizations have adopted different trends in the current economy (Baltzell, n.d.). The open system view of an organization can be described as shown in the illustration below, This paper seeks to analyze the different theories under organizational strategic and deterministic processes. The theories that are critically analyzed in this research proposal are the resource dependent theory, the population ecology, and the institutional theory. The next section critically analyses the implementation of each theory in the current organization structure. The paper responds to the research question which seeks to find out the authors perspective on the most compelling strategic choice or determinism with reason. The conclusion restates the main perspective and the response as critically discussed in the next section. The main and most effective theory still applicable in the modern age is the resource dependence theory. Every single organization is set to reduce costs while maximizing profits. All the strategic plans made revolve around this concept. To increase the yields, the resources must be well managed and the organization may need to obtain the raw material s more cheaply. In the business world there are incidences of takeovers, mergers, and acquisitions all the time. All these strategic moves are based on the need to manage resources (Archer, n.d.). Every organization deals with customers, suppliers, distributors, regulatory agencies, competitors, unions, partners, and special interests. The organization deals with uncertainties from the internal and external environments. More uncertainty results when the organization has to deal with complex, changing or poor-quality elements. This paper discusses the theories that handle the environment relationships of an organization to another or others. Resources Dependent Theory One of the main aims of an organization is to minimize its dependence on other institutions. Dependence on other organizations has a cost implication especially when scarce raw resources are being provisioned. The resource dependence theory seeks to explore how an organization can exert influence over others so as to obtain the resources as well as responding to the needs of other institutions in its immediate environment (Bansal, et al., 2011). Organizations can have either symbiotic or competitive interdependencies. They obtain scarce and valued resources form environments. There is a desire in each entity to control resources to minimize the dependencies. The processes and transactions used to obtain resources develop dependencies. The balancing act of maintaining autonomy and recognizing dependencies is a plausible strategy for a given entity. A company can opt to choose an interorganizational strategy that provides the most reduced uncertainty with least loss of control. the org anization can maintain a symbiotic interdependence with other organizations by developing a good reputation and co-optation, or implementing strategic alliances. Good reputation and trust are the most common linkage mechanisms in this relationship as well as having the interlocking directorate where a director in one company sits also in the board of another company (Carter, n.d.). The resources refer to the human resource, the raw materials, and the networks that ensure the business cases are relevant at each point in time. There is a trend in the formulation of alliances in the management of interdependencies where formal alliances are preferred and the stronger they are the more prescribed the linkage and tighter control of joint activities. Another strategy employed under the resource dependence theory is takeover and mergers. The implication of such a move is to increase the resources in the newly formed company increasing the market or customer base as well as boosting the sha re prices. For instances where companies are in hostile competition, takeovers are prevalent where the company with more resources buys out another competitor who may be doing badly in that field or business at the time. This theory has been implemented in different fields and in organizations even in the current world. Another strategic choice and deterministic theory discussed is the institutional theory. Some of the institutional pressures involved are coercive, normative, and mimetic. When the organization structure is bound to make decisions, some of the strategic responses are compromise, avoidance, defiance, manipulation, and acquiescence (Wuthnow, n.d.). The institutional theory brought a revolution in the social, economic, and political spheres. It sought to address issues such as which area would shape or channel the economic behavior and under what conditions were participants forming the organizations (Pettigrew, 2011). The theory sough to emphasize the integration of the organizations within a wider political, legal, and cultural context. The theory is driven by the problematic state of different organizations that operate in different environments while maintaining the same structures. The theory is concerned with the processes by which the structures and routines are established as au thoritative guidelines for social behavior. It seeks to find out how the elements of the organization are generated, assimilated, and adapted over time in a particular realm (Joyce, n.d.). The theory suggests that the activities occur due to influences on the individual, organizational, and inter-organizational levels. However, the theory has been stretched beyond its core purpose in a bid to understand how the organizational structures and processes acquire meaning and continuity beyond their technical goals. The existence of a business is generally determined by the statutory commitments, the number of employees and the resources amassed (Friedland, et al., n.d.). The societal institutions are powerful forces for ensuring control and order. In response to the institutional pressures, entities tend to develop isomorphic strategies, structures, and systems with the aim of obtaining the social legitimacy. Some of the fields where the institutional theory is well applied are the banks , universities, and the various discount stores. Every organization is affected by the population ecology. The theory suggests that there is need to address the demographics and the population behavior within a given market share. The theory prompts the organization to describe its population or customer base in terms of the density, dispersion, and demographics. It figures out how the density dependent and density independent factors can control population growth. The theory states that the population cannot be considered stable and the fluctuation affects organizations. There are complex interactions between the biotic and abiotic factors that can cause the variation in the size of a population. Demographics studies the statistic information of populations so as to allow predictions to be made about how a population will change. An organization will be interested in knowing the size of the population in a given area, the measurement or population per unit area or the population density as well as the migration factors. For instan ce, if the organization wishes to set up premises in a given area, it is important to know if they will have a good stable customer base in the given region. Frequency of migration especially where people are moving away from a given region, tends not to be good for an organization. Most organization look at such factors when setting up shop. The growth rate of a region is also key in determining whether the population is suitable for an entity or not. Where the population is not growing, a business will not survive long enough. The three theories analyzed give a good background of all the factors that are considered when making deterministic decisions as opposed to the normal operational or transactional decisions. The strategic decisions require in-depth research into how the organization will survive and grow over a period of about five years, ten years, or even fifteen years. The theories are relevant but the resource dependence theory is key. Companies are moving from the classical structure of full employment to outsourcing. Outsourcing saves an organization a lot of costs especially those regarding employee management. Resources determine whether an organization will succeed in the given strategic planned period or not. The theory may not be implemented in isolation of the other three but it stands out as the most deterministic theory. Many decisions are made based on it. Several organization have taken over other organizations to acquire more resources or infrastructure or supplies. The takeovers and mergers are done horizontally, vertically, or even laterally. The organizations can merge on the same level to increase the size of the organization. The entities can merge vertically to have direct access to the raw materials instead of obtaining them from a middle man such as a distributor. Others merge to have a wider customer base for their products and goodwill in that regard. Organizations are becoming more dynamic and the systems are not as rigid as they used to be hence there is a great move to improve the organizations as stipulated in the strategic plans listed. Some of the common symbiotic interdependencies that profit an entity are joint ventures, mergers, acquisitions, and takeovers, licensing, consortia, marketing or distribution agreements, and franchising. To obtain such interdependencies, the business entities require a good reputation, co-optation, interlocking of directorates, strategic alliances, long-term contracts, and the equity ownership in other firms. Conclusion In a nutshell, there are several theories that govern the strategic plans in an organization. The deterministic theories discussed in this research proposal are the institutional theory, the population ecology, and the resource dependence theory. The theory is relevant in the fact that the organizations must be concerned about the population that comprises their customer base or their supply chain. The business entity must also be an institution in legal, social, and economic terms. The entity must be recognized and a lot of marketing goes into advertising the business for the population to know of its existence. similarly, the organization requires resources to yield products. the resource dependence theory has superseded all other theories in its implementation in the modern day. The resources in an organization determine the organization size and the business prosperity. The organization effectiveness can be assessed based on the resources acquired over a given period of time as s tipulated in the strategic plan. References Archer, M. n.d. Realist social theory: The morphogenetic approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Baltzell, E. D. n.d. Puritan Boston and Quaker Philadelphia: Two Protestant ethics and the spirit of class authority and leadership. New York: Free Press. Bansal, P and Corley, K. (2011) The coming of age for qualitative research: Embracing the diversity of qualitative methods, Academy of Management Journal 54(2) , 233-237. Carter, I. n.d. Farmlife in Northeast Scotland 1840-1914: The Poor Mans Country, Edinburgh: John Donald. Friedland, R. and Alford,R. n.d. Bringing society back in: symbols, practices, and institutional contradictions, in W. Powell and P. DiMaggio (Eds.) The new institutionalism in organizational analysis: 232-266. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Joyce P. n.d. Work, society and politics: The culture of the factory in Later Victorian England, Brighton: Harvester. Mutch, A. (2012) Systemic accountability and the governance of the Kirk: the Presbytery of Garioch in the eighteenth century, Northern Scotland. Sheffield November 2011 18 Mutch, A. (2011) Custom and personal accountability in eighteenth century south Nottinghamshire church governance, Midland History, 36(1), 69-88. Mutch, A. (2009) Weber and church governance: religious practice and economic activity, Sociological Review, 57(4), 586-607. Mutch, A. (2006) The institutional shaping of management: in the tracks of English individualism, Management Organization History, 1(3),, 251-271. Mutch, A. (2004) Management practice and kirk sessions: an exploration of the Scottish contribution to management, Journal of Scottish Historical Studies, 24(1), 1-19. Pettigrew, A. M. (2011), Scholarship with Impact. British Journal of Management, 22: 347354 Stedman-Jones, G. (1983) Languages of class: Studies in English working-class history, 1832- 1982, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wuthnow, R. n.d. Communities of discourse: ideology and social structure in the Reformation, the Enlightenment, and European Socialism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Student Information System Essay Example

Student Information System Essay The prqiect that be de elop IS about student management that be use in Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Ayer Keroh. Melaka.. The project will be known as the Student Information Management System (SIMS). There are five major modules included in the SIMS that are the Organization module. Registration Module, Record module, Report module and Online Report card module. This report contains the introduction, methodology. analysis and design of the pro-ject that is going to be developed. The project methodology that is going to be used is the Database Life Cycle (DBLC) and Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Problems of the current system of the Student Information Management System had been analyzed and fiom that, requirement aniiiysis had been made. SIMS is going to be online using the Local Area Nrtwork (LAN) and going to be used by different groups of users. To develop the real system, designs had been made that covers the system architecture, user interfaces and database designs. This system is hoped to help the Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Ayer Keroh in handling the Student Information Management. Projek yang akan d~ban~runkan adaiah merangkumi pengendalian Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat Pelajar. Projek ini akan dikenali dengan nama Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat Pelajar (SIMS). 7erdapat lima modul di dalam SIMS iaitu Modul Organisasi, Modul Pendaftaran. Modul Rekod. Modul Laporan dan Modul Kad Laporan Online. Report ini mengandungi pengenalan. metodologi. analisis dan rekabentuk bagi projek yang akan dibangunkan. We will write a custom essay sample on Student Information System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Student Information System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Student Information System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Metodologi projek yang akan digunakan adalah Database Life Cycle (DBLC) dan Sofl-wure Development L Q c l e (SDLC). Masalah-masalah yang * dihadapi oleh sistem semasa yang mengendalikan Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat Pelajar telah dianalisa d m hasil dari itu. analisa keperluan telah dilakukan di mana SIMS yang m n dibangunkan merupakan sistem perkomputeran online yang akan menggunakan a Local Area Network (LAN) dan digunakan oleh kumpulan pengguna yang berbeza. Untuk membangunkan sistem sebenar, rekabentuk yang merangkumi senibina sistem, antaramuka pengguna d m pangkalan data telah dibina. Sistem ini diharapkan akan dapat rnembantu pihak Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Ayer Keroh dalarn mengendalikan Sistem Pengurusan Maklurnat Pelajar kelak. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The project that going to be developed is about the Student Information Management System for secondary School (SIMS) . As an overview, the system will be used by the school administration in student management. Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Ayer Keroh is an educational organization that provides and facilities relating with educational industries. Information is very important to any organization including the Ministry of Education. In Ministry of Education, applications of information system and information technology are important to support education management function including school. Information technology is not only used for learning and teaching but, also used in management and administration task such as record student information, academic information, and co-curriculum information. Therefore, information at education institutions needs to be managed very effectively and systematic way. na! am teras ke-4, antara aspek yang diberi tumpuan ialah Pengurusan Maklumat dan Komunikasi. Sistem maklumat dun aplikasi teknologi maklumat (TM) adalah penting untuk menyokongfirngsi pengurusun pendidikan termasuk sekolah. Sekolah) (Mcariah Lambak dan ProJMadya Dr. Zawiyah Mohd YwoJ Rencana Masalah Data Di 1 . g Project Background The system is going to be known as the Student Information Management System for secondary school (SIMS). The system is about the student management. The main reason of developing the system is to overcome the problems that are faced using manual way. The groups of people that are going to use the ystem are the clerk Principal, teachers and parent. Data retrieval, distribution, usage, maintenance, and storage are the important components of the information management. Accurate information, updated, and reliable to achieve when needed is as critical to make an effective decision. Because of the importance of the information, Ministry of Education has made a foundation to cover the problem related to the data collection, conflicts in control and au thority, differences between quality and trustworthy of the information by developing a computerized system. 1. 2 Problem Statements This system develop is to resolve the problem became h m manual system. The problem are: a) Difficult to integrate data Since the management of data is not an online system, therefore it has difficulty in integrating the data. If the teachers, students or parents requires any information, they must contact the school in order to transfer the data to them via removable devices or printed report and then integrate the data. Every school must export the students profile information into floppy A. After doing so, the users must import the data from the floppy A into the system to integrate them. 1is is time consuming because users need to wait for every school to transfer their data manually, usually done by human. b) Data Losses Loss of data perhaps would happen if all information only kept inside paper only c) Counting error Errors prevail during carry out estimation procedure and have been students not assessed d) Data Redundancies Abundant and repetition data also perhaps will happen e) No database to store information By using manual system, database of not used because it use the system file. Therefore, loss of data perhaps will happen f) No Backup And Security Still information to contemporary system perhaps have been trespassed easily or stolen, this is because by using data security manual system insecure. -? Objectives The main problem that is examined is in upgrading the manual way of managing rhe system management student into a web-based application and making the interaction of each user that involved with the this system more effective and faster. The objectives of SIMS are: a) To identified requirement of evaluation and monitoring student Secondary schools b) Data Security Data wilI be more secure with database of compared with manual system. This is because system this necessitated confirmation password by the user. Recovery Data C) System Management Student provides database to keep all the data. This data will make to backup if anything happen to old data 1. 4 Scope Scope of the project is developed for use in Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Ayer Keroh, Tarnan Tasik Utama, Melaka. Involved user in this system including Clerk, teacher, principal, and parent in the Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Ayer Keroh, Tarnan Tasik Utarna, Melaka. ,There are five major modules included in this project that are the Organization module, record module, report module and online report card module. 2ci{~x the major modules that are included in SIMS: are i1 Organization Module Organizations are one group of users that going to use SIMS. The sub modules that included in the Organization Modules are Login ii) Registration Module Student registration. This module is about the student registration profile. Student registration profile is useful for school information In this module have modules Parent registration, KO-kurikulumand Healthy registration iii) Rekod Module This has three modules such as Akademik, kokurikulum and discipline page. Akademik use for insert student mark, ko-kurikulum for display information the activity in the school. v) Laporan module this module use for generate report and display all student information, update student profile, also display subject analysis following the gred. iv) Online Report card Module The user of this module is student parent. They can view or print the student report card information. to access this module they must key in the student id. J t ::;iZ;C :e~lllremtlnf Equipment / development tools ( eg: IDE / Microsoft Project) Microsofi Visio Microsoft Project YHP web language ) Operating System / server (eg: OSIWeb server1App Server) c) One set of Personal Computer with Windows XP platform Apache as a Server Database System (eg: Oracle / MS SQL Server 1 MYSQL) MYSQL d) Hardware Requirement RAM Hardisk CPU 256 MB 40 GB 1. 70 MHZ e) Network Requirement LAN (Local Area Network) 1. 5 Project Significant The system will be going to help SMKAK in handling it operation reg arding the SIMS. All the data of the operations are going to be stored in a proper database system. Manual system previously unworkable system because need use more paper and space to keep the data and files. By using this system, it will also help the management to keep the data and it is faster than manual system. The information it also easier to 2.. .I i ~ ? d::i? c;~r~t~rc i i! 11 ? ~ I C J Y Ialso can reduce problem related space utilizations file : gc and data nlt3re . icure and sac. 1. 6 Expected Output 1. 1). expectation to this pro-ject is can generate report, graph subject analysis, student infornmation and exam record information. 1. 7 Conclusion The overall of this chapter, SIMS will develop in order to solve the problems heed with the current system. The system management will give a benefit to every school, teachers to integrate, transfer, and get updated data and information faster and easier. The next chapter will be discussing about literature review and project methodology. Chapter I 1 Literature Rewievv And Project Methodology This ljterarure review focusing about system study and project methodology to use for de,cloped this sFstem. 2. 1 Introduction The data collection used as references to gain information during the research conducted. This literature reviews discuss about the information gathered by reading , j n i ~ ~ ~ands websites. It explains several important terms being used in developing a al Student Information Management System. While, project methodology is methods or technique used to complete this project. 2. 2 Facts and findings Most school in Malaysia has student management system. But not at all school has a full computerized system in managing the program. Most of schools use manual system in handling the student management. Few researched had been made on the student management system that being used by several schools in Malaysia. i ~ t l l o ~ ~ n gi TVh . 11:rn;~~r.. he ~ h Studcnt Information Management System is ~ + ~ ~ I in A I R i t ? c d ~ 1 ~ . 2 ! 1 t @ : : : r ~ i ~ i g c ~ I . :gd 2. 2. 2 Existing system In addition to thal. s ~ u J i n g the current system is also a method that is used to gather the requirement5 in the research. The purpose of studying the current system is to identify the existing entities Resides. it is to gather requirements and identify problem in the current s ystem. Few researches had been made to Student Information Management System with the current system. 2. 2. 3 Management System Management system is the systems that provide information for managing organization information. At the beginning, management system is use to manage organization with the paper base that included planning, implement and controller (Alter, 1996). Then, management system computer base is use to generate information for control coordination performance and to provide background information to all organization operation including business activity. 2. 2. 4 Definition Of Management System Management system is set of system and activity is needed to manage, i) process and information is use as reference for organization (Sprague 1980). i) Management system is a information system base computer that can integration data from any source to provide information is needed to generate new information. -ssamv SN awes ay) sasn os[e ascqelep ayl p m s s a m v s w aqi 3u! sn padola,zap ura~sAss g l -1eqi ap! saa . wais. is sty] asn ue3 1sy3e~i uima3 p w 1;13~ yd .Clue -ura~siCs a u o p pmis e s! uo ! ieurroju! iuapnis ayi 8 u r J s u ~ w asn iayi leql urais,Cs ayL ur .. h)snpu! ayi u! ~ ~ ifiolouy3ai i s a w u ;1qi 01 q i 11 -1uapnis uo! iemulu~a8cusru 01 y q 3 p~re a y ~ aasodxa osIe l i rluerlstulurps ! ~ b ~ ) diay . . yx 01 5 1 urais:is s ~ qjo a,i! 3arqo i a u . e! sXe[epq u1 [ O O ~ ~ S U I u U ~ . s~ uralsis ayl r;. ~ asn ~ r p[Lnllt; iculnlyqq urais! S 2,2. 6 Case stud? 2 :lntegrtrred Student. InCtirmarir~nStudent Integrated student informat1c. n tudr. n: 7. o t rhe k! qicms in that use in Sek. Men. Keb Ayer Kemh The? o n l ~ t t h : ~.? i ~ * r n LC! u. fctr teachers use this system The problem o f ! his sgt; b r a n the teachers want to key in students niarh. thc) I lt; 11 i q :he students mark. Only stand alone sgt;stem. so when their t1x-n This is because mutt nailing they did not have any networking fx this sgt;srem furthermore. he databaqe of this i system is an Ms Access. Figure 2. 2: lntegrated Students Information System (ISIS) 2. 2. 6. 1 Comparison with curr ent system and system to be for Student Information Management System (SIMS) System in Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Ayer Keroh i) Not standardize, even the school have the computer system. But the system only use to key in the student mark. And the other system is Sistem Maklumat Murid (SMM) is use by PK HEM. Then, for co-curriculum they -uraisAs aql u! aAaya1 m3 u o ! ~ e m o p ! aql [[e a s n e ~ a q is03 ~ a @ g paau 1ou p! a e p03a. 1 (A! m x a luapnls a v sr! 3ns uo! leuuop! luapnls ayl lasMorq m3 o s p sluared -uralsiis [enueur ayi anduro3 j! sa! 3mpunpa~ou p! p p m 4fm3as a1ou. x ma . aseqmep ayl u! a:ws elep aqi a s n e ~ a q poq3s ayl u! jjms [le loj sap! [! 3ej aA! g (! !! (!! (! .uraisAs iuarajjrp E asn . iaql asnwaq u t a ~ q o ~cd a. aq ieur ciep aqi y x q iaja1 o~ -ISO;~ 1aq3ty r-l (A (A! (111 p9au tua1s. i~ U LJOJ pm clep ayi pug 01 aurg arsefi ~ I .ar! prcpue:s 103 :uals. is ayl asnmaq wa1s. i~ 8uuol! uoru 01 i[n3g! a aqi -aseqelr? paures ayi cr 2 1 ~ 4 IO! I pip ;)I FF 21! 1 .x111:gt;. ~. 7ij~ ~ l .. i i ) l u ~ ~?

English of Video Games Essay Example

English of Video Games Essay Example English of Video Games Essay English of Video Games Essay 2003) With the aim of make the most of videotapes in the learning process, cheer have to be very selective and accurate at the moment of choosing the material for a dynamic class, in order to avoid possible counterproductive effects or behaviors in students. To offset this weakness, we have to take into account that videotapes contain imaginary situations, and the most important is to make students or even our children be aware of it. So it meaner that those situations supposedly lived through the game are projected and created from the mind and idea of a person; we could refer to this person as the programmer of the videotape, hat programmer has set a determined number of situations that will respond to many different commands executed by the player.

Why Are You Interested in Our College Interview Tips

Why Are You Interested in Our College Interview Tips Like many of the most common interview questions, a question about why you are interested in the college seems like a no-brainer. After all, if you are interviewing at a school, you have presumably done some research and know why you are interested in the place. That said, it is easy to make missteps when answering this type of question. Key Takeaways Be specific. Make sure youve done your research and are aware of the features that distinguish the college from other schools.Give a well-rounded answer. Try to find features on the academic and non-academic fronts that you can address.Dont focus on selfish aspects of attending the school such as prestige or future earning potential. Weak Interview Answers Some answers to this question are better than others. Your answer should show that you have specific and admirable reasons for attending the college. The following answers are not likely to impress your interviewer: Your college is prestigious. This may be true, but what distinguishes the college from other prestigious colleges? And why does prestige matter so much to you? What exactly about the colleges academic and/or non-academic features make you eager to attend?Ill make lots of money with a degree from your college. This certainly may be an honest answer, but it wont make you look good. An answer such as this suggests you care more about your wallet than your education.All my friends are going to your college. Are you a lemming? Your interviewer will want to see that you have selected the college because of your own educational and professional goals, not because you follow your friends blindly.Your college is convenient and close to home. Here again this might be an honest answer, but college is preparing you for the rest of your life. Proximity to home suggests that location is more important than your actual education.My counselor told me to apply. Fine, but youll want a better answer. S how that you have done your own research and that you are eager to attend. Youre my safety school. No college wants to hear this even if its true. Colleges want to admit students who are eager to attend, not students who look down on the school and are likely to transfer after a year. Give Your Interviewer a Well-Balanced Answer The interviewer is hoping that you are interested in the college for reasons other than peer pressure or convenience. Similarly, if you say you applied entirely because of a parent or counselors recommendation, youll be suggesting that you lack initiative and have few thoughts of your own. When it comes to prestige and earning potential, the issue is a bit more fuzzy. After all, name recognition and your future salary are both important. The interviewer most likely is hoping that you find the college prestigious. That said, you dont want to come across as someone who is more concerned with material gain and prestige than with pursuing your passions and getting a high-quality education. Many students choose a college based on sports. If you love nothing more than playing soccer, youre likely to look at colleges that have strong soccer teams. During the interview, however, keep in mind that students who are interested in nothing except sports often fail to graduate. The best answers to this interview question provide a balance of academic and non-academic reasons for wanting to attend. Perhaps youve always dreamed of playing on the schools soccer team and you really like the schools hands-on approach to teaching engineering. Or maybe you like the opportunity to be an editor for the literary magazine, and you are eager to participate in the English departments study abroad program. Know the College What you most need to do when answering this question is show the interviewer that you know the colleges distinctive features well. Dont simply say that you want to go to the college to get a good education. Be specific. Let the interviewer know that you were drawn to the colleges innovative first-year program, its emphasis on experiential learning, its Honors Program, or its international focus. Also feel free to mention the schools wonderful hiking trails, its quirky traditions, or its amazing lilacs. Whatever you say, be specific. The college interview is a great place to demonstrate your interest in the school, but you can only do this if you have done your homework. Before you set foot in the  interview room, make sure you have done your research and identified several features of the college that you find particularly appealing, and make sure at least one of those features is academic in nature. Finally, make sure you make a good impression by dressing appropriately and avoiding common interview mistakes such as showing up late, answering questions with one-word responses, or proving that you are clueless about the school

Ethics and Compliance Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics and Compliance Paper - Essay Example The company also ensures abiding by the codes of ethics through the set integrity standards. In its quest to comply with the companies stated code of ethics, Pepsi- cola makes the financial report available to the shareholders for evaluation of their financial performance. The company believes in operating under strict ethical standards while ensuring accountability to customers and shareholders. The ethics in the Pepsi cola financial environment are initiated through the maintenance and presentation of financial statements to the board of directors (Reinemund, 2003). The has Internal control committees that govern and ensure production of the right financial reports on time. The company has insights on the compliance of financial regulations through the expertise in different departments and assistance from the internally controlled systems. In ensuring ethical behavior within the company, the audit department reports any issues concerning the internal quality of the board, which in turn subjects the reports to financial professionals. The company stresses the need of performance with purpose hence delivery of sustainable growth. Pepsi Cola in complying with their ethical standards they have worked hard in reducing carbon footprint and by giving back to the society. Pepsi cola also ensure that the employees have the option of healthy living in that they believe in giving back to the society increase and improve their performance. They have also invested a lot in ensuring that the environment is not polluted by the companies hence reduction in pa ckaging weights and water

Leadership and Management as Some of the Most Important Aspects of the Essay

Leadership and Management as Some of the Most Important Aspects of the Organizational Structure - Essay Example The researcher states that leadership refers to the process by which an individual has the ability to enlist the support of others so as to accomplish a common task. Management, on the other hand, is described as the process of getting resources together to enable one to accomplish a certain task. According to F.T Taylor, management is â€Å"the art of knowing what you want to do and then seeing that it is done the best and cheapest way†. The management process comprises of organizing, planning, directing, staffing and controlling an entity so as to attain a certain objective. Some researchers have identified differences between leadership and management. Warren Bennis listed a number of differences between the two. The first of these differences was that a manager maintains and administers while a leaders work is to develop and innovate. He also said that while the manager is a copy, a leader is an original. Managers mostly focus on systems and structure while the leader†™s focus is on the people. While managers rely on control and imitating, the leader originates and inspires trust. Management is characterized by short-term views while it is the exact opposite when it comes to leadership. The basic duty of management is to do things right while for leadership, it is to dot he right thing. Although these differences exist between leadership and management, the two must go hand in hand so as to ensure maximum efficiency within an organization. The subject of leadership and management has attracted much attention from researchers who have identified different approaches to the two. Most of these approaches are quite significant and relevant in today’s world as will be discussed in this paper. An important theory of leadership is Bass Theory which states that the way people become leaders can be explained in three basic points. The first is that certain personality traits may naturally lead people to leadership roles. This is also called the T rait theory. An important occurrence or crisis may cause a person to exhibit leadership qualities never seen before. This is also referred to as the Great Events Theory. The third point is that a person people can choose to become a leader in learning leadership skills.

Accounting In China Essay Example for Free

Accounting In China Essay 1. Introduction †¢ China’s rapid economic growth in the past two decades has amazed the rest of the world. †¢ With China’s accession to the WTO, business activities with and within China will further expand. †¢ China fully understands that a sound financial reporting system plays a key role in the process of economic development. †¢ The Chinese Ministry of Finance (MoF), who has the responsibility for regulating accounting matters in China, has set itself the objectives of fostering investors’ confidence in financial information, increase transparency of financial reporting, and harmonize with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), so as to reduce the costs of raising capital by enterprises and alleviate the risk of financial crisis. 2. History Of Development †¢ The old accounting and regulations were designed to meet the needs of a planned economy, and therefore focused on whether the production goals of state-owned enterprises and their financial and costs plans were being met. †¢ Accordingly, the objectives of accounting and performance measurement some twenty years ago were significantly different from the financial reporting objectives in a modern market oriented economy. †¢ Significant accounting reforms were undertaken in the past two decades due to several factors such as: âž ¢ Since China opened its door to foreign investments in 1979, the rapid growth of its economy, international trade and securities markets has shaped new objectives for financial reporting. âž ¢ State-owned enterprises now look a lot like profit-oriented businesses, and managers and other users need reliable and relevant financial information on which to base decisions about the efficient allocation of capital. âž ¢ At the same time, china has reached out to the international community to form joint ventures and gain greater access to the latest technologies and the world’s capital markets. See more: Homelessness as a social problem Essay †¢ In the 1980s, the MoF issued the first set of accounting regulation, which was formulated by reference to international accounting practice, for joint ventures in China. †¢ In 1992, due to rapid development of the Chinese securities market, the accounting System for Experimental Joint Stock Limited Enterprises was promulgated by the MoF in order to standardised accounting practice and disclosures by listed companies. This System was subsequently replaced by the Accounting System for Joint Stock Limited Enterprises (JSLE) in 1998. †¢ The 1992 regulation moved away from the traditional fund-based Soviet accounting model and incorporated many common Western accounting practices. †¢ In the same year, the MoF promulgated the Accounting Regulations for Foreign Investment Enterprises (FIE), the Accounting Regulations for Share Enterprises. †¢ In 1993 the Basic Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises came into force. It imposes some basic rules (e.g. that double entry bookkeeping must be used, that a cash or funds statement must be included in the financial statements, and that consolidated financial statements must be provided where appropriate); set out a conceptual framework of China accounting and make some detailed rules of financial reporting. †¢ The conceptual framework introduced on a broader scope new accounting concepts and essential elements of financial statements that were in many respects based on international practices. †¢ The conceptual framework aspects of the regulation are reasonably close to US and IASC precedents. †¢ However, these pronouncements were still found to have essential differences with international practice such as limited disclosure of financial information for the users to understand the results and financial position of the reporting enterprise. †¢ Another difference is that the regulation does not specifically identify the primary user or purpose of financial statements. Instead, a hierarchy of users includes the government, banks, the public and an enterprise’s own management. †¢ This is very different from the US or IASB which emphasis on financial decision making by outside investors. †¢ In addition, the ASBE is based on historical cost without the revaluation allowed in IASB or UK rules or the increasing use of fair value in IASB/US/UK rules. †¢ Furthermore, ‘substance over form’ is not established as a principle in China. 3. The New Accounting Standards And Accounting System (Development after 1993). †¢ In 1993, with funding from the World Bank (US$2.6 million), the MoF engaged Deloitte Touchee Tohmatsu (DTT) as consultants to develop a body of Chinese Accounting Standards (CAS) broadly in line with accounting and financial reporting practices used internationally. †¢ Exposure Drafts on about 30 standards have since been published between 1994 and 1996, and they were generally closely in line with the standards of the IASC. †¢ In 1997, the first standard was issued. It is on disclosure of relationships and transactions with related parties. †¢ In the same year, China joined the IASC, and became an official observer at Board meetings. †¢ In October 1998, an Accounting Standards Committee (CASC) was founded within China’s MoF. It comprises academics and members of accounting firms as well as government experts. †¢ In 1998, the Ministry of Finance issued the Accounting System for Joint Stock Limited Enterprises (JSLE) to replace the accounting System for Experimental joint Stock Limited Enterprises in order to standardise accounting practice and disclosures by listed companies. †¢ In 2000, DTT was reappointed as consultants for the second phase of the project. †¢ China accounting has achieved remarkable progress in unifying its accounting practices since Year 2001. †¢ In the same year, MoF issued a new comprehensive Accounting System for Business Enterprise (the ‘System’). The new System replaced the Accounting System for JSLE form January 1, 2002. †¢ In other words, all JSLE (including all listed enterprise) and FIE are now required to follow one unified new System. The system introduces the concept of substance over form and extends the requirement for consideration to all assets. †¢ The MoF plans to ultimately require all medium-size and large enterprises (other than financial enterprises) to adopt the new System, and announced its expectation that state-owned enterprise will adopt the new system over time. †¢ When fully implemented, the new System will replace the numerous inconsistent industry accounting regulations, enabling the financial statements of different types of enterprises to become more comparable. 4. Impact Of The New Systems On FIE †¢ Before adopting the new System, FIE’s financial statements which were prepared in accordance with the Accounting Regulation for FIE could not properly reflect the enterprise’s actual financial position and operating results, the enterprise had to make numerous adjustments when they compile financial statements under overseas accounting standards, such as IAS and US GAAP. †¢ The process was time consuming and imposed additional cost of investment to the foreign investors. †¢ After the adoption of the new System, the differences between FIE’s financial statements under PRC GAAP and those prepared in accordance with international accounting practices will reduce further, thereby enabling the foreign investors to assess the performance of their investments more efficiently. 5. China Accounting Standards Convergence With IFRS †¢ The importance and acceptance of IFRS has increased significantly over the past few years. †¢ While actively pursuing convergence with IFRS, the MoF necessarily has to ensure that accounting standards appropriately address the national circumstances that exist during this transitional period in the economy. âž ¢ A very significant portion of the economy is dominated by state owned enterprises. Even after enterprises are restructured into joint stock enterprise and branched out from the government structure, functional or regional government that remain stakeholders still exert significant influences over the enterprises and their trading partners and their transactions. âž ¢ Free markets are not sufficiently developed in many areas. âž ¢ Financial statements are multi-functional, serving not only the needs of the investors but also other interested parties including the State for supervisory and management purposes. âž ¢ Enterprises and professional intermediaries such as auditors and valuers are at a developing stage. During this transitional period, accounting standards must be realistically implementable by the preparers and auditors of financial statements. †¢ On 16 February 2006, the Chinese Ministry of Finance and the International Accounting Standards Board formally announced that Chinese Accounting Standards (CAS) will converge with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on 1 January 2007. †¢ Converging CAS with IFRS is one of many successful initiatives undertaken by the PRC government over the past global economy. †¢ Investors, analysts, regulators and other interested parties in recent years have been increasingly demanding more consistent and reliable financial reporting from companies around the world. †¢ The adoption and consistent application of accounting standards based on IFRS principles is widely viewed as a commitment to transparent financial reporting by these constituents. Transparent financial reporting is considered as the foundation of investor confidence. †¢ The process of convergence has been started way back in November 2005 when several meetings had been held between MoF and board members of IASB. †¢ The process of convergence will involve integrating the IFRS principles into CAS and will result in the amendment of all existing standards and the issuance of an additional 22 Specific standards. †¢ While the revised CAS will not reflect a literal translation of IFRS, their scope will include all IFRS principles. In additional, they will contain interpretive guidance to address the accounting for specific types of transaction (e.g. combinations of companies under common control) and industry accounting issues (e.g. extraction of petroleum and natural gas). †¢ The new CAS will comprise 1 basic standard and 38 specific standards. †¢ The revised CAS will first be applied to listed companies from 1 January 2007 and gradually applied to other types of entities. †¢ There will be differences between the revised CAS and IFRS to reflect unique circumstances in China. †¢ These differences, among other things, relate to: a. A prohibition of the reversal of asset impairment once it has been made; b. The accounting for certain government grants; c. Related party disclosures between State owned enterprises that have no direct investment relationship. 6. Challenges faced by China in converging with IFRS. †¢ The effect of changing accounting policies involves some efforts such as: âž ¢ Re-designing the financial reporting process to ensure that management has sufficient reliable financial information with which to prepare financial statements that comply with the standards, particularly in regards to the increased levels of disclosure required, and properly supports critical accounting estimates and judgements. âž ¢ The people involved in the financial reporting process will need to develop a new expertise and competency in applying revised CAS. âž ¢ Developing new accounting policy manual; integrating new CAS internal management reporting (budgeting, forecasting, performance measurement) and external reporting (financial, statutory, investor) into daily operations across the organization. âž ¢ Implementing ongoing and sustainable processes such as valuations of share options and derivatives, impairment testing hedge documentation and effectiveness testing, etc. âž ¢ Require identification of new data requirements due to financial statements and disclosure requirements. âž ¢ Train the head office and business units of the new reporting requirements. âž ¢ Provide training to finance and also non-finance staff including key management (e.g. finance, treasury, tax, human resource and sales) on new CAS principles and new reporting requirements. THE NEW SYSTEM OF CHINESE ACCOUNTING STANDARDS Key features and impact of the new accounting standards 1. The new accounting standards represent convergence with International financial Reporting Standards. †¢ Most of the newly issued standards and revised standards make reference to the equivalent IFRS and adopt the principles and treatments similar to its counterpart. †¢ As a result, the financial statements prepared in accordance with the New Accounting Standards will be more comparable with those prepared in accordance with IFRS. †¢ Overseas investors and users of financial statements will understand the financial statements of Chinese enterprise better and the cost of re-preparing financial statements for Chinese enterprises when getting overseas listing will be reduced. 2. The requirement of fair value measurement †¢ Under the new accounting standards, debt restructuring and no-monetary transactions will be measured at fair value and gains that meet certain criteria will be recognized in the income statement. †¢ Whereas before the revision, those transactions were carried at book value and any gains arising from those transactions were not allowed to be recognized. †¢ In practice, the determination of fair values may not be easy for many entities and various valuation techniques are required. 3. Specify accounting treatments for important accounting issues such as business combinations and consolidated financial statement. †¢ In the past, there was neither formal accounting standards nor comprehensive and detailed guidelines in the area of business combinations and consolidated financial statements. †¢ As a result, accounting treatments for similar business combination transactions may have varied across different enterprises causing much confusion and inconsistency. †¢ Therefore, the issuance of the standards on â€Å"Business Combination† and â€Å"Consolidated Financial statement† will provide comprehensive and more authoritative provisions and guidelines on these important accounting issues. 4. Specify treatments on new accounting issues and certain previously off-balance-sheet items will be recorded in the balance sheet †¢ Derivative financial instruments will be recognized on the balance sheet instead of only being disclosed in the notes to the financial statements. †¢ All shares and share options granted to employees to be measured at fair value and expensed in the income statement. 5. Standards relevant to important specialized industries †¢ The New Accounting Standards will include a number of standards that are relevant to those specialized industries. †¢ For example, the four standards on â€Å"Financial Instruments† will have an impact on accounting practices in various financial institutions. †¢ The standards on â€Å"Direct Insurance Contract† and â€Å"Re-insurance Contracts† will affect players in the insurance sectors. †¢ The â€Å"Extraction of Petroleum and Natural Gas† and â€Å"Biological Assets† are standards that are issued specifically for enterprises operating in the petroleum and gas industry and agriculture industry respectively. 6. Impairment of Assets †¢ The previous accounting regulations in China allow the reversal of impairment under certain circumstances. †¢ However, under the new standard, it specifies that any recognized impairment loss for fixed assets and intangible assets cannot be reversed in future accounting periods. †¢ The restriction on impairment loss reversal does not apply to inventories, trade receivables and bank loans. 7. More detailed requirements on disclosure †¢ The new standards provide users of financial statements with more relevant and transparent information, which will facilitate their economic decision-making. †¢ For instances, in respect of accounting policies and accounting estimates, the basis for the determination of significant accounting policies and accounting estimates is required to be disclosed. †¢ In relation to financial instruments, a detailed disclosure on the enterprise’s financial risk exposure is now required. 8. Transitional adjustments †¢ The New Accounting Standards were applicable to listed companies effective from 1 January 2007. †¢ The MOF has issued transitional provisions which are included in the standard on â€Å"First Time Adoption of Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises†. †¢ The standard requires that at the date of transaction, an entity should reclassify, recognize and measure all assets, liabilities and owners’ equity in accordance with the New Accounting Standards and prepare an opening balance sheet. †¢ These transitional provisions may reduce the workload and complexities for preparers’ adoption of the New Accounting Standards.

Bless Me Ultima - Tony :: essays research papers

Blood becomes the river. The human race dies and only the "she-goats and the he-goats" remain (176). The lake "cracked with laughter of madness" and the "ghosts stood and walked upon the shore" (120). Who dares dream such gruesome images? Only Antonio Marez. He argues with God and the Virgin Mary. He commutes with the dead; the dead asks him for blessings. Just who is this Tony person! You might not believe that this is only a seven year old kid, but he is the hero of Rudolfo Anaya's Bless Me, Ultima. Tony is valiant, and this courage sometimes reflects his curiously precocious nature. Precocious he is, he still is in constant mental ambivalence.When I say Tony is brave, I don't mean that he fights demons or kill dragons, but rather that he stands for what he believe is right and he is not afraid to go to extreme measures to protect the people he love. He shows that he is a "man of the llano" when he "does[n't] run from a fight" even when confronted with Horse, the notorious bully (37). Tony also stands up against a mob for Florence; everyone wants to punish Florence for "not believing in God" (214) and Tony pushes the crowd away and refuses to give Florence the penance that Florence does not deserve. Although Tony knows that he will be given the "Indian torture" (214), he still speaks up for his friend. Anaya often presents Tony as a dependent character, never wanting to "be away from the protection of [his] mother" (51); in fact, he's so close to his mother that it seems that he's going through Oedipus's Complex. Anaya actually does this to increase the impact of Tony's bravery. One might expect Tony to stay in his undercover bushes when Tenorio is standing so close; however, when Tony hears that Tenorio knows the way to kill Ultima, the thought to warn Ultima supercedes his fear and encourages his legs to pick up and run home (255). At trying times, he "stood by Ultima" and "would have slashed out to protect Ultima" (138).Oftentimes, Tony's bravery reflects his curious and precocious nature. For example, he runs to the bridge where the criminal Lupito hides because he is curious about Lupito's situation (22). The first thing he wonders about when he witnesses Lupito's death is "where was Lupito's soul?" (26) , and this shows how deep Tony's thoughts are.

Windhorse Farms

Terry Houston MBA 522-1b2 Professor Watson November 27, 2012 Executive Summary The contents of this case analysis include an overall purpose to provide you, Professor Watson, with an understanding of the business problem that Jim Drescher, owner of Windhorse Farm, must make in a matter of a few days. Without rehashing much of the information that was explained within the case, the bottom line is that Mr. Drescher and his wife must identify how they intend to continue making money owning the farm without them supervising the business anymore.The reason being, that they are reaching a point in their lives that require retirement and realization that they will not be around forever. Problem Statement Above much, the farm is faced with a few main decisions as to how to attack this problem. Among these involve him deciding which product lines he needs to grow, maintain, and/or harvest. This case analysis will identify what alternatives that Mr. Drescher should consider in going forward, c onsidering the â€Å"four filters† (economic, environmental, social, and spiritual impacts) in conjunction with my recommendation on what I feel he should decide to do.Analysis of Situation Acadian Forest Region The case highlights the importance of the Acadian forest region. Throughout the life of Mr. Drescher’s ownership of the farm, over 95 per cent of the harvesting in the region resulted from cutting trees down, making it 1 of the 6 endangered forests in North America. This comes at an ethical and environmental cost for the farm. Because of the situation, the Dreschers have decided to implement sustainability practices within the region. Among these practices include educating the public about the situation and farm goals through Windhorse Farm School and having â€Å"Open Farm Days†.They also implemented organic gardening and alternative energy generation. Because of these newly adopted practices, market interest for continuity of such actions have increas ed and continuing to do so. Wood Products Manufacturing Eco-Woodshop is the main source of income for Windhorse Farm, due to the differentiation and advantage of competition that the farm has. The Dreschers have low overhead costs because they own the farm lands, making it more than possible to make a solid income. Tonewoods Guitar instruments makes up the large majority of wooden instruments made.Of those guitars, those made from red spruce tonewood proved to be the money makers. Yet still, producing these instruments added the economic and social costs of cutting more and more trees down. In addition, it would take the farm to sell about 200 tops annually just to break even, while in their best year, they’ve sold only 25. Having even the opportunity to be successful in this market requires Mr. Drescher to hire a subject matter expert/organization that had beliefs consistent with the culture of the rest of the farm as well as alternative tonewood that would sell, costing eve n more money. Evaluation of AlternativesWithin the case, Mr. Drescher understands that the bulk of what his decision comes down to is of two categories. With regards to tonewood, he had to decide if it’d be better to grow the business or exit the market entirely. Growing the business required careful planning for the future. He also needed to identify the marketing of construction/architectural products. Doing so would require him to either grow the business, leveraging green products, or sell, thus making the business fulfill more of a raw material supplying role. Decision/Recommendation There’s obviously a lot going on within each option.However, it is in my humble opinion that Mr. Drescher and Windhorse Farm should continue its current operation with its Eco- Woodshop. For many years now, the operation has proven to be profitable, allowing the business to stay afloat. Along with the successful application of the various sustainability practices I’ve previousl y mentioned, there proves to be a bright future for the farm. Accordingly, making the public aware of important environmental factors of sustaining a forest region and providing green alternative avenues to do so will only improve the external and internal morality of the farm, in consideration of the â€Å"four filters. Simply â€Å"testing the waters† for guitar production will not prove to be enough in considering tonewood. In comparison to the Eco-woodshop operation, tonewood business success is far riskier. Even in considering another organization that can take the helm for Mr. Drescher to do well in this business, it would still come at more of a â€Å"four filter† cost than the Eco-woodshop operation and its sustainability practices ever could. Simply put, the majority of the culture for the farm would need to change completely, which is something I believe Mr. and Mrs. Drescher are not willing to do.

Employee Motivation Programs Essay

Keep your workers inspired by utilizing an employee motivation program inShare Your company can benefit by employee motivation. It’s important to reward your staff for their hard work through recognition, special privileges or gifts. An employee motivation program shows your staff that your company cares about their success. Motivate your staff and their production will exceed expectations. Increase production and employee satisfaction as your business implements workforce motivation. Employee motivation techniques create the foundation that keeps your workforce happy and productive. Encourage teamwork, which improves your company’s success as well as staff motivation. A supportive work atmosphere leads to positive motivation for employees and improves morale. Enjoy workers in the company who have a great attitude and are an example for new staff member joining the organization. Motivating employees can come in many forms. Here are a few ideas to get you started: 1. Consider an employee motivational training program. 2. Use employee motivational articles and other materials to inspire your workers. 3. Give your gifts as an incentive to increase staff motivation. Implement a training program to increase employee’s motivation Training programs use employee motivation theories to offer the best classes and training tools for your company. Some of the most successful companies in the world use training programs for worker motivation. Try: Dale Carnegie Training is a well-established company that understands the benefits of business employee motivation. Training Camp has on-site training as well as an online computer course. Inspire your crew with employee motivation articles and posters The use of visual aids changes how employees view their success. We’ve all seen the motivational posters and articles but these can be more beneficial than you might think. The use of attractive and eye-catching materials that cover encouragement, innovation, leadership and make it happen, are subjects used for motivational posters. Try: Successories has an unlimited amount of motivational posters ranging in any subject. Future Think has motivational materials that guide you on how to recognize and reward innovation. Create worker motivation with incentives Employees love rewards for hard work and a wonderful motivational tool is gift incentives. Your staff will strive to do their best and it challenges them to improve productivity through friendly competition and recognition for a job well done. Try: Swift Prepaid Solutions offers prepaid gift cards that you can use to incite your employees to achieve certain goals. You can use them for the best sales or a job well done. Circuit City has a program where you can hand out gift cards to your deserving employees. †¢Employees need to feel encouragement and motivational techniques can achieve the goal of motivating employees on a daily basis. †¢Use an employee motivation survey to gage the morale of your workforce. Ask the staff to indicate what motivates them. Basic choices include recognition, monetary rewards and special privileges.

Psychopathology in the Workplace Essays

Psychopathology in the Workplace Essays Psychopathology in the Workplace Essay Psychopathology in the Workplace Essay PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN THE WORKPLACE Name: Course: Date: Psychopathology in the Workplace Psychopathology refers to the branch of medicine, which deals with the origin, development and ultimate manifestations of mental and behavioral disorders. It can also mean the behavioral tendencies or reflections of any mental disorder or simply symptoms of psychological impairment. This area of study is often conducted by professionals such as psychiatrists and clinical psychologists, whose constant research aims at looking for the best curative solutions for these symptoms. From these explanations, it is easy to see how treatment of these symptoms is of primary importance to anyone that experiences them. Their manifestation among office workers is of particular concern due to the resultant effects that they can cause (Larsen et al 2010, p. 2). The readings in this book are critical in helping to contain any mental disorders that may arise at the workplace. As managers, it is necessary to always be on the lookout for any such symptoms and rush to contain them before they affect the productivity of employees. Mental disorders can be dealt with in several different ways. As mentioned earlier, psychopathology aims at establishing the origin of mental disorders and through these findings seek the best method of treatment. At the workplace, numerous factors can lead to poor mental health, especially because of the stressful environments that workplaces can sometimes provide. Though most of these are centered on internal workplace mechanisms, some of them can actually be externally instigated. Some of the manifestations of mental impairment as witnessed in the work setting include anxiety and stress. With regard to psychiatry, anxiety can be described as a state of unease, apprehension, uncertainty and fear of future events or situations. These feelings cause the impairment of an individual’s physical and psychological functioning. Stress is pressure exerted on one’s body because of events or situations that make them feel frustrated, nervous and sometimes angry. These symptoms are often triggered by various events taking place at the workplace. Many people in organizations experience stress and anxiety whenever they need to change or adapt to new situations and responsibilities, such as undertaking a different task from the one they were used to in a short period. As a person involved in management, it is necessary to evaluate one’s employees for any signs of mental disorders. This is not only done by mere observation but by engaging the services of c linical psychiatrists, just as the authors of the book recommend. Depression is another manifestation of poor mental disposition. It is whereby a person feels moody and has lost interest in most if not all activities. Burnout on the other hand has been attributed to stress at the workplace (Kahn et al 2003, 85-97). Depression can be due to burnout, which is generally a state of mental, physical and emotional exhaustion mostly because of doubts about one’s competence at work and the value of their work. Such people become increasingly disoriented about their work and eventually lose interest and perform poorly. In order to prevent this from happening, the organization needs to be actively involved in the welfare of their employees. Psychopathology is a necessary procedure at the workplace as a measure of implementing mental health policies and helping their workers. Psychosis is one of the more severe symptoms of mental illness. This is because it completely distorts one from reality and can be caused by psychosocial factors at the workplace. Psychosis can lead to abnormal behaviors among employees such as hallucination and bizarre beliefs. Work related stress and disruptions that cause change in a person’s life such as a transfer from one area of work to another contribute heavily to the mental state of employees. Lack of attention to these problems is what eventually leads to mental issues at an advanced stage like psychosis. Mental health policies are standards set in place, which define the issues surrounding mental health including measures to manage them. They are pre-formulated schemes with details and plans containing strategies to be implemented to tackle mental disorders. These policies transcend into the workplace where they strive to achieve the same purpose with that aimed at the general population. Management, as I have learnt is very essential in helping to implement these policies to maintain good mental health among their employees. Such policies are incorporated into those of administration and work hand in hand with other welfare policies to achieve and maintain a positive work environment for employees. This is not to say that psychopathology only targets employees. Its scope includes managers who exhibit symptoms of mental disorders. In conclusion, the readings provide the way forward in dealing with mental health issues at the workplace and acknowledge the importance of mental health policies. Psychopathology is equally important as it helps in containing mental problems before they get to an aggravated point. The workplace has its challenges, which may lead to stress and ultimately result in poor mental health. Being in a managerial position makes one liable for employee welfare and thus measures such as psychopathology should be undertaken to ensure promotion of mental health among employees. Additionally, it is of essence that managers and others in administrative offices should take part in creating an environment at the workplace that would not pose any threat to the mental health of workers at the organization (Schmidt 2010, 299).

AMCAS Essay Writing Professional Service

AMCAS Essay Writing Professional Service The American Medical College Application Service and/or AMCAS essay doesnt differ much from most other types of personal statements required of med school applicants. A brief synopsis of personal beliefs and career coals, AMCAS statements are used to test applicants writing skills as well as their ability to communicate effectively. For more information on AMCAS papers, please read on. The process of applying to medical schools is an arduous one. The first thing that most applicants are required to do is enlist the assistance of an American Medical College Service. By sending transcript releases, essays, and application fees directly to this service (rather than to the schools), students dont have to worry about handling each school application themselves. AMCAS statements are important because they give applicants the chance to use their own voice. Unlike those for undergraduate universities, the med school application process has several different steps. Upon reviewing a favorable applicants initial package (including transcripts, letters of recommendation, and the essay), he or she is then asked to submit secondary essays, and so on. Granted, there is a lot of pressure involved when writing an AMCAS essay. Fortunately, there are many professional services that can help. For information on how to get help writing an AMCAS personal statement or if you would like an editor to review your medical school secondaries, please access the link provided.

PERSONAL STATMENT for BUJASSIM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PERSONAL STATMENT for BUJASSIM - Essay Example The overall consequence of self-awareness is improved productivity at work because of the understanding of ability to perform required tasks and to identify areas to improve on then make the improvements From the feedback, I have learnt that I am not as precise as I should. Some of my illustrations are vague and require more elaboration so as to make points in a clear and unequivocal manner. Even though I may be qualified for a job, someone may beat me to it because I do not present my skills well enough and miss the important details. It is my responsibility to ensure that whenever I present my skills, I must include the most relevant and provide sufficient details such that no questions are raised due to ambiguities created by me. Providing better evidence entail the use of better illustrations than I used initial. These examples must be related to the subject matter and explain all its relevant features. One perspective that is useful to assume is the viewpoint of the reader. After completion of the piece of work, I must look at it as the intended audience would have done. If I do so, I will be able to detect unconvincing parts and change them accordingly. In addition, I must go through the work upon completion to ensure that the language used is suitable and captures what is intended. Lastly, I can also focus on what is relevant so that time is not wasted on what is not needed as it will only serve to demonstrate a lack of keenness on my part. I can enhance my employability by stating clearly what my strong points are whenever I present myself for an employment opportunity. Since each job is unique in its requirements, I must align my qualifications and experience to match what the employer is looking to get from a particular job opportunity. Being lucid and cogent about my values, commitment to work and the desire to help achieve job objectives as well as personal goals is bound to paint a picture of an employee

Eating Habits In Relation to Political, Social, and Economical Essay - 161

Eating Habits In Relation to Political, Social, and Economical Environment - Essay Example Social factors dictate the preference for cereals in both pictures. The respective societies from which the two families live hold cereals in higher regard than another foodstuff. Consequently, both families would naturally want to stock up on more cereals than anything else. On the other hand, environmental and economic factors set the two families apart in dieting. Generally, the first family has less food, especially greens, compared to the second family. Harsh weather has led to inadequate food production for the first family while the second family enjoys abundance due to favorable weather for agricultural production (Kennedy et al p134). Secondly, the backgrounds of the pictures suggest that the first family is less endowed with resources compared to the second family. The second family seems to be residing in a fairly posh neighborhood while the first family lives in desolation. In conclusion, economic, political, environmental and social factors dictate the eating habits of people. A harsh environment and weak economy subject the first family to a state of near deprivation. The second family has plenty due to favorable weather and economic factors.

Film, Fashion and Food in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Film, Fashion and Food in India - Essay Example The paper "Film, Fashion and Food in India" discovers the Indian fashion, food and film. The Indian film industry encompasses other language film industries because of the high number of languages spoken by most Indians hence most portions of the Indian film industry are fragmented. Although Bollywood leads India in the production of the film, its specialty is mainly Hindu movies other regions such as Chennai that was formally known as Madras produces films in Tamil and Kolkata is the Bengali movie capital. English, Hindu, and Urdu are among the popular languages in most Bollywood movies where you find an amalgamation of these languages in a single film be it a dialog, soundtracks or subtitles. Of significance however in these Indian films is the art of music that makes the films typically musicals that have catchy music interwoven in the script. Typically the plot of the Indian films is always melodramatic with features like unlucky lovers, love triangles, sacrifice, family attachme nts, devious villains, crooked politicians, and kidnappers, courtesans with golden hearts, theatrical rehearsals of destiny, opportune coincidences and siblings estranged by fate. However, the pattern is changing with the industry advancing to the production of technically advanced films with hilarious stunts in line with global changes in the movie industry. The major part of the creative isolation of early Indian cinema and development of their rules largely differ from the rest of worldly film.

English Literature Essays The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.

English Literature Essays The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby has become such a classic of American fiction that its literary merits easily obscure those qualities that also made it a favorite among readers. While critics have been quick to dismiss its thin plot and shallow characters as less important than Fitzgeralds brilliant depiction of the Jazz Age and his indictment of its shabby values, most readers take a different view. They praise the book because its plot is thin and its characters are shallow. These readers believe that this is precisely Fitzgeralds point, that the age itself could do no better than to produce shallow people living superficial lives. Academic critics speculated about the probable causes of this phenomenon, attributing it to the disillusionment brought on by World War I and the extreme measures taken to escape it. The aftermath of the war had brought, â€Å"a state of nervous stimulation†¦the generation which had been adolescent during the confusion of the War had now produced†¦ a whole r ace going hedonistic, deciding on pleasure†¦wherefore eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we die.† Readers saw a culture wallowing in hedonism, high on jazz and bathtub gin, and living life as if it were one long party and there was no tomorrow. More importantly, they saw the heroic and sympathetic figure of Nick Carraway, the outside observer, whose function it was to observe and report on the American Dream within Fitzgerald’s novel. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgeralds Nick Carraway becomes the outside observer that readers come to identify with. Nick has the sort of blessed innocence and shining ambition associated with heroes. There is a freshness about him, a basic goodness that appeals to that part of human nature that envies or craves or is irresistibly attracted to innocence. Beyond that, however, is the fact that, in the tradition of the hero, Nick goes forth into the world to encounter corruption and disillusionment and has to come to terms with this in reality. It is through Nick that we see the American Dream, as epitomized by Jay Gatsby, come crumbling down under the amoral pursuit of wealth. We, also, get a glimpse of the roles of class in distinguishing between the wealthy East and West Egg socialites, as well as, the stark contrast between two wealthy but different men, Jay Gatsby and Tom Buchanan. The following paragraphs will attempt to examine and analyze these issues more carefully as seen through the eyes of Nick Carraway. It is Nicks idealization of Jay Gatsby and his dreams that endear him to the minds of the readers. Gatsby on his own is not an easy character for readers to sympathize with without the special insight of the young and sympathetic Nick. If Nick can see the good in Gatsby, then the reader can dismiss the corrupt side as Gatsbys victimization by the system and dwell on the charming side, that side made all the more intriguing by the mystery surrounding this handsome, rich, and devastatingly detached personality. As Nick says of Gatsby, â€Å"His dream must have seemed so close that he could hardly fail to grasp it. He did not know that it was already behind him somewhere back in that vast obscurity beyond the city.† Perhaps the best way to grasp the perspective of the American Dream in the twenties is to imagine Gatsby standing alone in the second-story bedroom of his gorgeous mansion in West Egg, looking out at the pool and the tent and the lavish party going on, at his expense, beneath his window; listening to the jazz band playing, seeing the shadows of the flappers against the sides of the tent, quietly watchingaloof, detached, amused, and powerful. This illumination of what the American Dream had become was seen by many as the new idealism that, â€Å"Prosperity in the twenties had come to mean a rate of advance rather than an actual state of affairs†¦more and more Americans were inclined to explain their society in terms of productivity, profits and stock quotes.† Not Gatsby, however. In recounting Gatsby’s dream, Nick remembers vividly coming home and seeing Gatsby standing in front of his mansion, looking intently at East Egg across the bay. His American Dream extended just across the bay and always seemingly beyond his reach, wrapped up in the beautiful idea of Daisy Buchanan. Daisy Buchanan was Nicks cousin, a lovely, exciting, but shallow young woman who once had an affair with Gatsby before the war. While Gatsby was away in the war, she married Tom Buchanan. He was a handsome, wealthy man, but cruel and insensitive. Gatsby wanted Daisy back and thought that his wealth, accumulated through shady transactions, would make Daisy admire him, but he overestimated her and underestimated himself. Unfortunately for Gatsby, the American Dream was only possible through materialism as the Roaring Twenties saw, â€Å"Americans easily assumed that spiritual satisfaction would automatically accompany material success.† Gatsby made the mistake of thinking this way, as well. He felt that by accumulating worldly possessions he could win Daisy back and give her the life she had dreamed of. At one point, Gatsby goes so far as to show her all his valuable belongings, throwing shirts into the air, â€Å"shirts with stripes and scrolls and plaids in coral and apple gr een and lavender and faint orange.† Daisy, crying at this point to indicate the materialistic values that had consumed America, exclaims, â€Å"It makes me sad because I‘ve never seen-such beautiful shirts before.† This remarkable scene represents the whole embodiment of what the twenties era had become. It was characterized as an age of excess, overindulgence, consumerism, materialism, and individualism. It was Gatsby’s dream of Daisy Buchanan that would eventually lead him from poverty to riches and finally to his death as his amoral pursuit of wealth would give rise to the shattering of his American Dream. In one sense Gatsby is the manifestation of a new prosperous society. His mysterious past and opportunistic illusions of a dream work to his favor in the new era of prosperity and abundance. Daisy is Gatsbys one dream, and the reason he bought his house and gives his parties is to get her back. Gatsby becomes overly obsessed with Daisy as symbolic of his aspirations and dreams. This points to how unrealistic in his expectations he had become as he begins to live in a sort of fantasy world. Fitzgerald emphasizes this well when he states, â€Å"There must have been moments even that afternoon when Daisy tumbled short of his dreams- not through her own fault but because of the colossal vitality of his illusion. It had gone beyond her, beyond everything.† He persuades Nick to bring him and Daisy together again, but he is unable to win her away from Tom. Nick can see this, but he is powerless to stop the chain of events that, for all their melodrama, seem necessary to act out the d enouement of shallow lives lived recklessly, of shallow dreams shattered pointlessly. Nick tries to convince Gatsby that his dreams are unrealistic because the past cannot be repeated, but Gatsby’s reply of, â€Å"Can’t repeat the past? Why of course you can,† serves to illustrate the illusion of a dream Gatsby is trying desperately to hold on to. In the end, however, it all comes crumbling down as Daisy, driving Gatsbys car, runs over and kills Toms mistress, Myrtle, unaware of her identity. Myrtles husband traces the car back to Gatsby and shoots him, who has remained silent in order to protect Daisy. Gatsbys friends and associates have all deserted him becoming symbolic of the superficial lives of the times and the desertion of a dream, as only Gatsbys father and one former guest attend the funeral with Nick to see an American Dream laid to rest. Everything that has happened seems surreal to Nick and almost pointless as he recalls, â€Å"everything that happened has a dim hazy cast over it.† Fitzgerald points out through Nick that whether Gatsby had died or not his dreams still would have been murdered, nonetheless. Though Gatsby took the time to reinvent himself and acquire enough money (though illegally) to be considered wealthy, he would still never have been accepted into the inner circles of the East Eggers and the Buchanans. What Fitzgerald has done in his book is to add the idea of class to the idea of materialism and the American Dream. He divided these into distinct groups- old money, new money, and the poor. Paul Fussell, in his book on social classes reports that, â€Å"Economically there are only two classes, the rich and the poor, but socially there is a whole hierarchy of classes.† Fitzgerald edifies this by making basically the rich and poor classes, as well, with the only distinction being socially between the wealthy and how they accumulated their money. This distinction would set apart the â€Å"old money† of East Egg luxury and the  "new money† of the West Eggers who had recently acquired their riches through the prosperity of the times. The kind of class that Fitzgerald attributes to Nick Carraway and his family is neither of these. Fitzgerald suggests that Nick descends from the great American cultural component that had its origin in its ideal of a comfortable, cultivated, stable existence, drawing sustenance, generation after generation, from a family business, and living out its generations in the same spacious but unostentatious house. Midwestern idealism then is the hard solid moral core of America, and it produces a Nick Carraway, whose virtues are tolerance and honesty. These are precisely the two virtues that Fitzgerald needs in his hero: the tolerance to become involved with Tom, Daisy, and Gatsby, all of whom he mistrusts in varying degrees but the honesty never to be deceived by them and, more importantly, never to be corrupted by them. Opposed to this specific virtuous Middle West is a rather indefinite degenerate East, although it is particularized in the one small section in which most of the novel takes place: West Egg and East Egg, New York City, and the axis-the valley of ashes, Wilsons garage, and the great staring signboard eyes of Dr. T. J. Eckleburg that connects them all. Both Eggs represent corruption, but it is a corruption of different orders, connected with inherited wealth on the one hand and with occupation on the other. East Egg is the home of inherited wealth, whose deeply tainted characters Fitzgerald manages to suggest in Tom and Daisy Buchanan. It is in this community that Tom, as if by instinct, settled, and when asked by Nick if he intends to stay in the East, he replies, in his best bit of self-analysis in the book, â€Å"Id be a God damned fool to live anywhere else. West Egg is populated by nouveau riche, all of whom have acquired their gains in shady or marginal activities: politicians, moving picture people, fight promoters, gamblers, and bootleggers. Farther reaches of Long Island, beyond the Eggs, are briefly suggested in the same manner. According to Nick, the Easterner inherits his money, while the Westerner works for his, but the West Eggers earn their money by gambling or bootlegging. If the essence of Nick Carraway, the essence of the East is summed up in the respective characters of those two expatriates, Tom and Daisy, who between them in his intolerance and her dishonesty. In Daisy further is embodied the beauty of the East, Tom the power, and in their union a vast irresponsibility that smashes the dream of Gatsby and finally murders the dreamer himself. Tom Buchanan then is power and intolerance, Daisy beauty and dishonesty. His financial power is mountainous, and his physique corresponds: you could see a great pack of muscle shifting when his shoulder moved under his coat. It was a body capable of enormom leverage a cruel body. But this power, financial and physical, does not extend to his mind, whose powerful limitations are compensated for by a thick-skulled inflexibility. For while a libertine in action, he is in opinion a prig, faintly nourished by the thinnest pap that twentieth-century knowledge has produced, popular scientific explanations. This powerful stupidity has as its soul mate the beauty and dishonesty of Daisy. Both these characteristics of the feminine side of the equation are repeated, reemphasized, and exaggerated But money for Gatsby is a kind of metaphysical mystery as well, and certainly it is a synonym for beauty. It was the mysterious beauty of Daisy and her life that cast the original spell. Jay Gatsby may be a bootlegger and a fraud, but he is only defrauding a system that is a bigger fraud, a system that advocates a farce like prohibition, that adores glittering surfaces, that cares only for the trappings of success and not for how the gains were got. But in the American tradition of trying to have your cake and eat it too, cult readers get to envy Gatsby while respecting Nick. Nick has his head on straight; Nick learns from what he sees; Nick acquires wisdom from his experiences and thus tells us a cautionary tale. Ah, but for one brief, shining moment, Gatsby illuminates the sky, and if his death is all a silly mistake, its sordidness is redeemed by his nobility. He dies, after all, for love, but it is a love that is unrequited. The success behind Jay Gatsby according him was Rise from bed. . . . Study electricity. . . . Work. . . . Practice elocution, poise and how to attain it. . . . Study needed inventions. West vs east Bibliography F. Scott Fitzgerald, the Great Gatsby. Publisher: Scribner (1995) Jack Clayton directed movie, The Great Gatsby. (1974) John Braeman, Change and Continuity in Twentieth Century America: The 1920S. Ohio State University Press (1968). Harold Bloom, Gatsby. Publisher: Chelsea House Publishers. Place of Publication: New York. (1991). Loren Baritz, The Good Life: The Meaning of Success for the American Middle Class. Perennial Library (1989).